Intestinal Obstruction: What Causes It?

What Causes Intestinal Obstruction?

Intestinal obstruction can be divided into two main categories: non-mechanical obstruction and mechanical obstruction.

1. Non-Mechanical Obstruction (Paralytic Ileus)

Non-mechanical obstruction occurs when the intestines do not function normally and cannot contract effectively to move their contents forward.

Possible causes include:

• Intestinal inflammation, such as appendicitis, chronic colitis, or diverticulitis.

• Neurological and muscular disorders, such as paralysis or Parkinson's disease.

• Certain medications, including antidepressants and opioid painkillers.

• Electrolyte imbalances, such as low potassium levels in the blood.

• Conditions occurring after abdominal surgery.

2. Mechanical Obstruction

Mechanical obstruction occurs when a physical blockage prevents intestinal contents from passing through the digestive tract.

Possible causes include:

• Abdominal adhesions developing after abdominal or pelvic surgery.

• Hernias.

• Abdominal cancers, such as colorectal cancer or pelvic cancer.

• Intussusception, a condition in which one section of the intestine slides into another.

• Volvulus, a condition in which the intestine twists around itself.

• Severe constipation.

• Gallstones that enter and block the intestine.

• Foreign objects lodged inside the intestine.

What Are the Symptoms of Intestinal Obstruction?

Common symptoms of intestinal obstruction include:

• Abdominal pain that may develop suddenly or occur as severe, intermittent cramping.

• Abdominal bloating and distension.

• Nausea and vomiting.

• Constipation, inability to pass stool, or inability to pass gas.

• Diarrhea or watery stools in cases of partial intestinal obstruction.

• A palpable lump or mass in the abdomen.

How Is Intestinal Obstruction Diagnosed?

To diagnose intestinal obstruction, a doctor will review the patient's medical history and perform a physical examination.

Additional diagnostic tests may include:

• Abdominal X-ray.

• Abdominal computed tomography (CT scan).

• Abdominal ultrasound.

• Barium enema examination.

• Colonoscopy or examination of the colon and rectum.

The appropriate tests depend on the patient's symptoms and the physician's assessment.

How Is Intestinal Obstruction Treated?

Treatment depends on the location and underlying cause of the obstruction.

Treatment approaches can be divided into two main categories.

1. Specific Treatment

Specific treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause of intestinal obstruction.

Depending on the condition, treatment may include:

• Medications to treat intestinal inflammation.

• Medications to stimulate intestinal movement.

• Surgery to remove abdominal adhesions.

• Surgical removal of diseased sections of the intestine.

• Removal of the material or object causing the obstruction.

• Placement of an intestinal stent to widen a narrowed section of the intestine.

2. Supportive Treatment

Supportive treatment helps relieve symptoms, maintain fluid balance, and prevent complications.

Common measures include:

• Temporarily avoiding food and oral fluids as directed by the healthcare team.

• Inserting a nasogastric tube through the nose to remove air and fluid from the stomach, helping relieve abdominal pain and bloating.

• Administering intravenous fluids and electrolytes to correct imbalances and prevent dehydration.

 

Reference :

Synphaet Ramintra Hospital – Intestinal Obstruction: What Causes It?

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