儿童与牙齿问题

儿童与牙科问题 儿童中一个重要的牙科问题是龋齿。 龋齿的原因 当牙菌斑中的细菌与口腔食物残渣中的糖分发生反应时,会产生酸。这种酸的浓度如果足够高,会损伤牙齿表面,最终导致龋齿。
儿童中一个重要的牙科问题是龋齿。
龋齿的原因
龋齿是由于牙菌斑中的细菌与口腔食物残渣中的糖分发生反应,产生足够强度的酸,损伤牙齿表面并导致蛀洞。通常情况下,当牙齿干净且没有食物残留时,唾液略呈碱性,起到缓冲剂的作用以维持口腔酸碱平衡。但是,如果口腔不洁,食物残渣滞留在牙齿之间,唾液的酸性会增加,因为变形链球菌产生分解蔗糖的酶,在口腔中生成酸。当产生的酸足够多,并且口腔pH值下降到4.5以下时,牙齿表面开始被腐蚀。酸和牙釉质与牙本质中的钙发生反应,溶解牙体结构中的钙和磷酸盐。结果,牙齿表面变得脆弱、软化且多孔,最终形成龋洞。如不及时治疗,龋洞会不断变大变深,逐步接近牙髓,进而导致牙齿敏感或牙痛。
儿童龋齿的分期及其治疗
1. 龋齿早期
此阶段,牙釉质上开始出现小孔。龋坏表现为浅表蛀洞,常见为牙面上的棕色或黑色斑点。此时通常无疼痛或敏感感。
治疗方法:窝沟封闭剂或充填治疗。
2. 龋齿累及牙本质
此阶段,龋坏已深入牙本质层。儿童可能开始出现牙齿敏感,特别是在饮用冷水时。 治疗方法:充填治疗,其操作复杂度高于早期。部分情况下,为防止治疗过程中的敏感或疼痛,充填前可能使用局部麻醉。
预防
- 每次饭后用含氟牙膏正确彻底刷牙,不要让食物残渣长时间留在口腔内。
- 每6个月由牙医进行一次口腔检查。
- 磨牙咬合面有深窝沟,容易积聚食物,难以清洁,更易龋坏。应请牙医进行窝沟封闭,以预防龋齿。
- 为儿童选择有营养的食品,如肉类、牛奶、鸡蛋、蔬菜和水果。应避免食用含糖量高及黏性强的食物。
3. 龋齿累及牙髓
此阶段,牙痛持续存在。 治疗方法:去除感染的牙髓上部,保留健康牙髓并放置药物(牙髓切断术),随后进行充填。如龋坏过大无法简单充填,则可能需要戴不锈钢冠。此牙冠会在乳牙脱落、恒牙萌出时自然脱落。
4. 牙根周围脓肿或感染
此阶段,可能伴有肿胀。症状较早期明显加重,疼痛剧烈且令人不适。有些儿童可能出现张口困难,同时有面颊、下巴甚至眼睑肿胀。
治疗方法:如牙齿仍能保留,可进行根管治疗及修复冠。若病情严重、牙齿不可保留,则需拔牙,并安置间隙保持器,为恒牙正常萌出保留空间。
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