Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

What Is GERD (Acid Reflux)?

 

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a condition in which stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus. This can lead to symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, and acid reflux into the throat.

 

Causes of GERD

 

1. Dysfunction of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

 

The LES normally prevents stomach acid from flowing backward. In GERD patients, the sphincter may weaken or relax too frequently.

 

Possible triggers include:

๐ Alcohol consumption

๐ Smoking

๐ Certain medications (e.g., asthma medications)

 

2. Esophageal Motility Disorders

 

Abnormal esophageal movement can slow food passage or allow acid to remain longer in the esophagus.

 

 

3. Delayed Gastric Emptying

 

When the stomach empties slowly, food remains longer, increasing the risk of acid reflux.

 

Trigger foods include:

๐ High-fat meals

๐ Chocolate

 

Who Is at Risk?

 

GERD can occur at any age, but higher risk is associated with:

๐ Overweight or obesity

๐ Alcohol consumption

๐ Smoking

๐ Pregnancy

๐ Scleroderma

๐ Diabetes

๐ Use of certain medications (e.g., Theophylline)

 

Common Symptoms of GERD

 

Typical Symptoms:

๐ Burning sensation in the upper abdomen (heartburn) spreading to the chest and throat

๐ Sour or bitter regurgitation

๐ Symptoms worsen after heavy meals

 

Atypical or Extra-Esophageal Symptoms:

๐ Chest pain or tightness

๐ Chronic cough or asthma-like symptoms

๐ ENT-related symptoms such as:

๐ Hoarseness

๐ Chronic sore throat

๐ Sensation of mucus in the throat

๐ Laryngitis

๐ Ear pain

๐ Sinusitis

 

Warning Signs (When to See a Doctor Immediately)

 

Seek medical evaluation (e.g., upper GI endoscopy) if you experience:

๐ Painful swallowing

๐ Difficulty swallowing or food sticking

๐ Frequent vomiting

๐ Vomiting blood

๐ Iron-deficiency anemia

๐ Unexplained weight loss

๐ Fever

 

Lifestyle Modifications for GERD Management

 

๐ Elevate the head of the bed by ~15 cm

๐ Sleep on the left side

๐ Avoid high-fat foods

๐ Avoid trigger foods such as:

๐ Coffee

๐ Chocolate

๐ Acidic foods

๐ Alcohol

๐ Carbonated drinks

๐ Tomato-based or mint-containing foods

๐ Avoid lying down within 3 hours after eating

๐ Avoid large meals

๐ Avoid late-night eating

๐ Quit smoking

๐ Lose weight if overweight

 

Medications to Avoid (If Possible)

 

๐ Anticholinergics

๐ Theophylline

๐ Tricyclic antidepressants

๐ Calcium channel blockers

๐ Beta-adrenergic agonists

๐ Alendronate

 

Complications of GERD

 

๐ Chronic esophageal ulcers leading to narrowing

๐ Barrett’s Esophagus (precancerous condition)

๐ Esophageal Cancer

 

Treatment Options

 

1. Medications (4-8 weeks):

๐ H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA)

๐ Proton pump inhibitors (PPI)

๐ Potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CAB)

 

2. Surgical Treatment

Considered in severe or medication-resistant cases.

 

Conclusion

 

GERD is a common yet manageable condition. Early diagnosis, proper treatment, and lifestyle modifications are key to preventing complications and improving quality of life. Patients experiencing persistent or severe symptoms should seek medical evaluation promptly.

 

FAQ (SEO Boost)

 

Q: Is GERD dangerous?
A: If untreated, GERD can lead to complications such as Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal cancer.

 

Q: Can GERD be cured permanently?
A: While GERD can often be controlled with lifestyle changes and medication, some cases may require long-term management.

 

Q: What foods should I avoid with GERD?
A: Avoid fatty foods, coffee, chocolate, alcohol, and acidic or spicy foods.

 

 

 

 

 

 

source : Bangkok Hospital Phuket
**Translated and compiled by ArokaGO Content Team