Understanding Hantavirus: What Is It?

Hantavirus is an RNA virus belonging to the Hantaviridae family. Rodents are its main reservoir hosts. People usually become infected by inhaling dust contaminated with rodent urine, faeces, saliva, or other secretions present in the environment.

The name “Hanta” comes from the Hantan River in South Korea, where the virus was identified following the Korean War.

Hantavirus infection may resemble other illnesses. For example, when a patient has symptoms similar to dengue fever together with kidney failure, hantavirus may need to be considered as part of the differential diagnosis. It may also resemble leptospirosis in several ways.

Hantavirus occurs in many parts of the world and is generally associated with two main clinical syndromes.

1. Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, or HFRS, is found mainly in Asia and Europe.

The condition may cause symptoms similar to haemorrhagic fever and may significantly affect kidney function.

2. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, or HPS, primarily affects the respiratory system and lungs.

It is found mainly in the Americas, particularly South America.

How Is Hantavirus Transmitted?

Hantavirus may be transmitted through:

๐ Inhaling dust or airborne particles contaminated with rodent waste

๐ Touching rodent urine, faeces, saliva, or contaminated materials

๐ Being bitten by an infected rodent, although this is uncommon

In general, hantavirus does not commonly spread from person to person. However, certain South American strains, particularly the Andes virus, have been associated with human-to-human transmission.

Symptoms of Hantavirus Infection

Early symptoms may include:

๐ High fever

๐ Muscle pain

๐ Headache

๐ Nausea

๐ Vomiting

In severe cases, patients may develop:

๐ Acute kidney failure

๐ Bleeding similar to haemorrhagic fever

๐ Fluid accumulation in the lungs

๐ Severe breathing difficulty

๐ Respiratory failure

The Andes virus strain associated with outbreaks in South America may have a reported mortality rate of approximately 30-40% in severe cases.

Has Hantavirus Been Found in Thailand?

Thailand has previously reported evidence of hantavirus infection and antibodies against the virus in both rodents and humans.

Hantavirus genetic material or evidence of infection has been detected in several rodent species, including field rats. Antibodies have also been identified in some groups of people, particularly those who work in agriculture or have frequent contact with rodents.

However, confirmed human hantavirus disease in Thailand is considered very rare. The strains identified locally are also different from the Andes virus strains associated with outbreaks in South America.

Although hantaviruses have existed in Thailand for several decades, the overall risk to the general public is considered low. Therefore, there is no need for excessive concern, although people should continue to avoid contact with rodents and contaminated environments.

 

Reference :

Piyavate Blog What Is Hantavirus
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