骨质疏松症的非药物治疗

非药物治疗和行为干预是管理骨质疏松症的基本方法。这些方法有助于维持骨骼的强度、减缓骨质流失、降低跌倒风险,并预防未来的骨折。因此,尤其对于已确诊骨质疏松症的老年人,应推荐以下行为干预:
1. 钙摄入量:
年龄超过50岁的成年人和绝经后的女性应每日摄入大约1,000毫克的钙。应着重摄入富含钙的食物,如低脂乳制品、绿叶蔬菜、小虾米和小鱼。对于因乳糖不耐或咀嚼困难等原因可能无法从饮食中获得足够钙的人群,应考虑补钙。已经接受骨质疏松药物治疗的患者也应摄入钙补充剂。

2. 维生素D摄入量:
维生素D缺乏会降低钙吸收,加重骨质疏松,并增加跌倒和骨折风险,降低骨质疏松症药物的疗效。维生素D的天然来源主要有两个:阳光(通过皮肤合成)和一些食物,如鸡蛋、蘑菇、豆类和鱼类。然而,这些来源通常不够。推荐泰国人的每日维生素D摄入量为600-800 IU。因此,建议维生素D水平可能较低的骨质疏松症患者进行补充,以维持血清25(OH)D水平在30-50 ng/mL。

3. 一般营养:
建议平衡饮食,摄入所有五大营养素,其中蛋白质摄入尤为重要,以增强肌肉力量。保持健康的体重和体质指数(BMI)至关重要,避免过轻和肥胖。建议的蛋白质摄入量为每天至少1-1.2克每公斤体重,均衡来自动物和植物蛋白,以支持骨骼和肌肉健康。

4. 生活方式的改变:
建议进行适合年龄和能力的定期锻炼,每周至少150分钟。应着重进行负重练习、阻力训练和平衡训练,同时注意防止受伤。建议戒烟并适度饮酒——女性每天不超过1单位,男性不超过2单位——以降低骨质疏松风险和预防跌倒。

5. 防止跌倒:
建议评估跌倒风险因素并解决潜在原因,例如安眠药、降压药的使用或视力障碍。室内外环境的改变也至关重要,尤其是卧室、浴室、阳台、楼梯和门槛,以减少绊倒或跌倒的风险。

文章由 Dr. tanawat amphansap 撰写
骨质疏松和老年骨病专家,警察总医院
由 ArokaGO 内容团队翻译和编译
来源: dr.wat.com
Police General Hospital
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